Acronyms and abbreviations

AAR	after-action review
AI	artificial intelligence
AEO	authorized economic operator
APEC	Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
BCI	Business Continuity Institute
BCM	business continuity management
BCOs	beneficiary cargo owners
BCP	business continuity plan
BIA	business impact analysis
BIMCO	Baltic & International Maritime Council
BPA	British Ports Association
CFT	cross-functional team
CISG	United Nations Convention on the Internal Sale of Goods
CMS	contract management software
CPFR	Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment
CRC	Cyber-Resilience Centre
DCSA	Digital Container Shipping Association
DoS	denial of service
ERCC	Emergency Response Coordination Centre
ERDS	Extreme rainfall detection system
ERM	Enterprise Risk Management
FIRMS	Fire Information for Resource Management System
GDACS	Global Disaster Alerting and Coordination System
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GPG	Good Practice Guidelines
GPHA	Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority
GRC	Governance, Risk and Compliance
GSCPI	Global Supply Chain Pressure Index
HR	Human resources
HS	Horizon Scanning
IACS	International Association for Classification Societies
ICDs	Inland Container Depots
IMO	International Maritime Organization
ISM	International Safety Management Code
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
ISPS	International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
JICA	Japan International Cooperation Agency
KRI	key risk indicators
KPI	key performance indicators
LDC	least developed country
LLDC	landlocked developing country
LSCI	Liner Shipping Connectivity Index
MDST	MDS Transmodal
MMI	Modified Mercalli intensity scale
MTPD	maximum tolerance periods of disruption
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NFPA	National Fire Protection Association
NGO	non-governmental organization
NIST	National Institute of Standards and Technology
PCS	Port Community System
PEMA	Port Equipment Manufacturers Association
RACI	responsible, accountable, consulted and informed
RMIS	risk management information system
RPO	recovery point objective
RPN	Risk priority numbering
RTO	recovery time objective
RPP	risk response plan
SIDS	small island developing States
SCRM	Supply Chain Risk Management
SLAs	service-level agreements
STS	ship-to-shore
TEU	twenty-foot equivalent unit
TtR	time to recovery
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNECA	United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
UNECE	United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNECLAC	United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCAP	United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
UNESCWA	United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia
VaR	value-at-risk
VPN	virtual private networks
VUCA	volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity
WCO	World Customs Organization